• Sata Hard Disk To Usb Converter

This is a bit odd.I had an old WD 40GB IDE HDD connected to my PC running XP Pro SP2 via an IDE/SATA to USB bridge, just plugged into a USB 2.0 port. It was working fine until I plugged in an even older Maxtor 40GB ATA HDD instead. Both devices worked fine until I re-formatted the Maxtor one using Partition Commander.

Now, neither drive is showing up in My Computer. In device manager, it says that my IDE/SATA to USB bridge is actually a USB to ATA/ATAPI bridge and is working properly. I've tried uninstalling the driver and then just plugging the bridge in again. It then recognizes it as a ATA/ATAPI bridge again and says that my hardware is ready to use, but still no drive is showing. Shouldn't it show up as an IDE/SATA bridge? That's what it says on the bridge itself.

Is it because I plugged in an ATA drive instead of an IDE or SATA? I don't really understand the difference, I'm afraid.This has me a little puzzled. Any ideas?Many thanks in advance.

Serial ATA is a computer bus interface that connects host bus adapters to mass storage devices such as hard disk drives, optical drives, and solid-state drives. Serial ATA succeeded the earlier Parallel ATA standard to become the predominant interface for storage devices. Serial ATA industry compatibility specifications originate from the Serial ATA International Organization which are then promulgated by the INCITS Technical Committee T13, AT Attachment. Serial ATA (SATA, abbreviated from Serial AT Attachment) is a computer bus interface that connects host bus adapters to mass storage devices such as hard disk drives, optical drives, and solid-state drives. Serial ATA succeeded the earlier Parallel ATA (PATA) standard to become the predominant interface for storage devices.

This article's use of may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please by removing or external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into. ( February 2014) Serial ATA (SATA)Year created2000Created bySupersedes(PATA)Speed1.5, 3.0 and 6.0StyleHotplugging interfaceYesExternal interfaceOptional Serial ATA ( SATA, abbreviated from Serial AT Attachment) is a interface that connects to such as,.

Serial ATA succeeded the earlier (PATA) standard to become the predominant interface for storage devices.Serial ATA industry compatibility specifications originate from the (SATA-IO) which are then promulgated by the Technical Committee T13, AT Attachment (INCITS T13). Contents.History SATA was announced in 2000 in order to provide several advantages over the earlier PATA interface such as reduced cable size and cost (seven conductors instead of 40 or 80), native, faster through higher signaling rates, and more efficient transfer through an (optional) queuing protocol.Serial ATA industry compatibility specifications originate from the (SATA-IO). The SATA-IO group collaboratively creates, reviews, ratifies, and publishes the interoperability specifications, the test cases. As with many other industry compatibility standards, the SATA content ownership is transferred to other industry bodies: primarily INCITS T13 and an INCITS subcommittee , a subgroup of T10 responsible for (SAS).

The remainder of this article strives to use the SATA-IO terminology and specifications.Before SATA's introduction in 2000, PATA was simply known as ATA. The 'AT Attachment' (ATA) name originated after the 1984 release of the, more commonly known as the IBM AT. The IBM AT’s controller interface became a de facto industry interface for the inclusion of hard disks. 'AT' was IBM's abbreviation for 'Advanced Technology'; thus, many companies and organizations indicate SATA is an abbreviation of 'Serial Advanced Technology Attachment'.

However, the ATA specifications simply use the name 'AT Attachment', to avoid possible trademark issues with IBM.SATA host adapters and devices communicate via a high-speed cable over two pairs of conductors. In contrast, parallel ATA (the for the legacy ATA specifications) uses a 16-bit wide data bus with many additional support and control signals, all operating at a much lower frequency. To ensure backward compatibility with legacy ATA software and applications, SATA uses the same basic ATA and command sets as legacy ATA devices.SATA has replaced parallel ATA in consumer desktop and laptop; SATA's market share in the desktop PC market was 99% in 2008. PATA has mostly been replaced by SATA for any use; with PATA in declining use in industrial and embedded applications that use (CF) storage, which was designed around the legacy PATA standard. A 2008 standard, to replace CompactFlash is based on SATA.

Features. SATA 6 Gbit/s host controller, a PCI Express ×1 card with chipset Hot plug The Serial ATA Spec requires SATA device; that is, devices that meet the specification are capable of insertion / removal of a device into / from a backplane connector (combined signal and power) that has power on. After insertion, the device initializes and then operates normally. Depending upon the operating system the host may also initialize resulting in a. The powered host or device are not necessarily in a quiescent state.Unlike PATA, both SATA and eSATA support hotplugging by design.

However, this feature requires proper support at the host, device (drive), and operating-system levels. In general, all SATA devices (drives) support hotplugging (due to the requirements on the device-side), also most SATA support this function.For eSATA function, Hot Plug function is supported in mode only. IDE mode does not support Hot Plug function. Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI) is an open host controller interface published and used by Intel, which has become a standard. It allows the use of advanced features of SATA such as and (NCQ). If AHCI is not enabled by the motherboard and chipset, SATA controllers typically operate in 'IDE emulation' mode, which does not allow access to device features not supported by the ATA (also called IDE) standard.Windows device drivers that are labeled as SATA are often running in IDE emulation mode unless they explicitly state that they are AHCI mode, in mode, or a mode provided by a proprietary driver and command set that allowed access to SATA's advanced features before AHCI became popular. Modern versions of, with version 2.6.19 onward, as well as and, include support for AHCI, but earlier operating systems such as do not.

Even in those instances, a proprietary driver may have been created for a specific chipset, such as 's. Revisions SATA revisions are typically designated with a dash followed by, e.g. 'SATA-III', to avoid confusion with the speed, which is always displayed in, e.g. 'SATA 6 Gbit/s'.SATA revision 1.0 (1.5 Gbit/s, 150 MB/s, Serial ATA-150) Revision 1.0a was released on January 7, 2003.

First-generation SATA interfaces, now known as SATA 1.5 Gbit/s, communicate at a rate of 1.5 Gbit/s, and do not support (NCQ). Taking overhead into account, they have an actual of 1.2 Gbit/s (150 MB/s). The theoretical burst throughput of SATA 1.5 Gbit/s is similar to that of /133, but newer SATA devices offer enhancements such as NCQ, which improve performance in a multitasking environment.During the initial period after SATA 1.5 Gbit/s finalization, adapter and drive manufacturers used a 'bridge chip' to convert existing PATA designs for use with the SATA interface. Bridged drives have a SATA connector, may include either or both kinds of power connectors, and, in general, perform identically to their native-SATA equivalents. However, most bridged drives lack support for some SATA-specific features such as NCQ. Native SATA products quickly took over the bridged products with the introduction of the second generation of SATA drives.

As of April 2010, the fastest 10,000 rpm SATA could transfer data at maximum (not average) rates of up to 157 MB/s, which is beyond the capabilities of the older PATA/133 specification and also exceeds the capabilities of SATA 1.5 Gbit/s.SATA revision 2.0 (3 Gbit/s, 300 MB/s, Serial ATA-300). SATA 2 connectors on a computer motherboard, all but two with cables plugged in. Note that there is no visible difference, other than the labeling, between SATA 1, SATA 2, and SATA 3 cables and connectors.SATA revision 2.0 was released in April 2004, introducing Native Command Queuing (NCQ). It is with SATA 1.5 Gbit/s.Second-generation SATA interfaces run with a native transfer rate of 3.0 Gbit/s that, when accounted for the scheme, equals to the maximum uncoded transfer rate of 2.4 Gbit/s (300 MB/s). The theoretical burst throughput of the SATA revision 2.0, which is also known as the SATA 3 Gbit/s, doubles the throughput of SATA revision 1.0.All SATA data cables meeting the SATA spec are rated for 3.0 Gbit/s and handle modern mechanical drives without any loss of sustained and burst data transfer performance.

However, high-performance flash-based drives can exceed the SATA 3 Gbit/s transfer rate; this is addressed with the SATA 6 Gbit/s interoperability standard.SATA revision 2.5 Announced in August 2005, SATA revision 2.5 consolidated the specification to a single document. SATA revision 2.6 Announced in February 2007, SATA revision 2.6 introduced the following features:.

Mini Internal Multilane cable and connector. Mini External Multilane cable and connector. NCQ Priority.

NCQ Unload. Enhancements to the BIST Activate FIS. Enhancements for robust reception of the Signature FIS.SATA revision 3.0 (6 Gbit/s, 600 MB/s, Serial ATA-600) (SATA-IO) presented the draft specification of SATA 6 Gbit/s physical layer in July 2008, and ratified its physical layer specification on August 18, 2008. The full 3.0 standard was released on May 27, 2009.Third-generation SATA interfaces run with a native transfer rate of 6.0 Gbit/s; taking into account, the maximum uncoded transfer rate is 4.8 Gbit/s (600 MB/s). The theoretical burst throughput of SATA 6.0 Gbit/s is double that of SATA revision 2.0.

2.5-inch SATA drive on top of a 3.5-inch SATA drive, close-up of data and power connectorsConnectors and cables present the most visible differences between SATA and parallel ATA drives. Unlike PATA, the same connectors are used on 3.5-inch (89 mm) SATA hard disks (for desktop and server computers) and 2.5-inch (64 mm) disks (for portable or small computers).Standard SATA connectors for both data and power have a conductor pitch of 1.27 mm (0.050 inches). Low insertion force is required to mate a SATA connector. A smaller mini-SATA or mSATA connector is used by smaller devices such as 1.8-inch SATA drives, some DVD and Blu-ray drives, and mini SSDs.A special eSATA connector is specified for external devices, and an optionally implemented provision for clips to hold internal connectors firmly in place.

SATA drives may be plugged into controllers and communicate on the same physical cable as native SAS disks, but SATA controllers cannot handle SAS disks.Female SATA ports (on motherboards for example) are for use with SATA data cables that have locks or clips to prevent accidental unplugging. Some SATA cables have right- or left-angled connectors to ease connection to circuit boards.

See also: Standard connector, data segment Pin #MatingFunction11stGround22ndA+ (transmit)32ndA− (transmit)41stGround52ndB− (receive)62ndB+ (receive)71stGround—Coding notchThe SATA standard defines a data cable with seven conductors (three grounds and four active data lines in two pairs) and 8 mm wide wafer connectors on each end. SATA cables can have lengths up to 1 metre (3.3 ft), and connect one motherboard socket to one hard drive. PATA, in comparison, connect one motherboard socket to one or two hard drives, carry either 40 or 80 wires, and are limited to 45 centimetres (18 in) in length by the PATA specification; however, cables up to 90 centimetres (35 in) are readily available. Thus, SATA connectors and cables are easier to fit in closed spaces and reduce obstructions to. Although they are more susceptible to accidental unplugging and breakage than PATA, users can purchase cables that have a locking feature, whereby a small (usually metal) spring holds the plug in the socket.SATA connectors may be straight, right-angled, or left angled. Angled connectors allow lower-profile connections. Right-angled (also called 90-degree) connectors lead the cable immediately away from the drive, on the circuit-board side.

Left-angled (also called 270-degree) connectors lead the cable across the drive towards its top.One of the problems associated with the transmission of data at high speed over electrical connections is described as noise, which is due to electrical coupling between data circuits and other circuits. As a result, the data circuits can both affect other circuits and be affected by them. Designers use a number of techniques to reduce the undesirable effects of such unintentional coupling. One such technique used in SATA links is. This is an enhancement over PATA, which uses. The use of fully shielded conductors, with multiple ground connections, for each differential pair improves isolation between the channels and reduces the chances of lost data in difficult electrical environments.

A fifteen-pin SATA power connector (this particular connector is missing the orange 3.3 V wire)SATA specifies a different than the four-pin used on (PATA) devices (and earlier small storage devices, going back to hard disk drives and even to floppy disk drives that predated the IBM PC). It is a wafer-type connector, like the SATA data connector, but much wider (fifteen pins versus seven) to avoid confusion between the two. Some early SATA drives included the four-pin Molex power connector together with the new fifteen-pin connector, but most SATA drives now have only the latter.The new SATA power connector contains many more pins for several reasons:. 3.3 V is supplied along with the traditional 5 V and 12 V supplies.

However, very few drives actually use it, so they may be powered from a four-pin Molex connector with an adapter. Pin 3 in SATA revision 3.3 has been redefined as PWDIS and is used to enter and exit the POWER DISABLE mode for compatibility with SAS specification. If Pin 3 is driven HIGH (2.1–3.6 V max), power to the drive circuitry is disabled. Drives with this feature do not power up in systems designed to SATA revision 3.1 or earlier.

This is because Pin 3 driven HIGH prevents the drive from powering up. To reduce impedance and increase current capability, each voltage is supplied by three pins in parallel, though one pin in each group is intended for precharging (see below). Each pin should be able to carry 1.5 A. Five parallel pins provide a low-impedance ground connection. Two ground pins and one pin for each supplied voltage support precharging. Ground pins 4 and 12 in a hot-swap cable are the longest, so they make contact first when the connectors are mated. Drive power connector pins 3, 7, and 13 are longer than the others, so they make contact next.

The drive uses them to charge its internal bypass capacitors through current-limiting resistances. Finally, the remaining power pins make contact, bypassing the resistances and providing a low-impedance source of each voltage. This two-step mating process avoids glitches to other loads and possible arcing or erosion of the SATA power-connector contacts. Pin 11 can function for, activity indication, both, or nothing. It is an signal, which may be pulled down by the connector or the drive.

If pulled down at the connector (as it is on most cable-style SATA power connectors), the drive spins up as soon as power is applied. If left floating, the drive waits until it is spoken to.

This prevents many drives from spinning up simultaneously, which might draw too much power. The pin is also pulled low by the drive to indicate drive activity. This may be used to give feedback to the user through an.Passive adapters are available that convert a four-pin to a SATA power connector, providing the 5 V and 12 V lines available on the Molex connector, but not 3.3 V. There are also four-pin Molex-to-SATA power adapters that include electronics to additionally provide the 3.3 V power supply.

However, most drives do not require the 3.3 V power line. Slimline connector Slimline connector, power segmentPin #MatingFunction—Coding notch13rdDevice presence22nd5 V Power32nd42ndManufacturing diagnostic51stGround61stSATA 2.6 is the first revision that defined the slimline connector, intended for smaller form-factors such as notebook optical drives. Pin 1 of the slimline power connector, denoting device presence, is shorter than the others to allow hot-swapping.

The slimline signal connector is identical and compatible with the standard version, while the power connector is reduced to six pins so it supplies only +5 V, and not +12 V or +3.3 V.Low-cost adapters exist to convert from standard SATA to slimline SATA. ESATA portsStandardized in 2004, eSATA ( e standing for external) provides a variant of SATA meant for external connectivity. It uses a more robust connector, longer shielded cables, and stricter (but backward-compatible) electrical standards. The protocol and logical signaling (link/transport layers and above) are identical to internal SATA.

Sata Hard Disk To Usb Converter

The differences are:. Minimum transmit amplitude increased: Range is 500–600 mV instead of 400–600 mV. Minimum receive amplitude decreased: Range is 240–600 mV instead of 325–600 mV. Maximum cable length increased to 2 metres (6.6 ft) from 1 metre (3.3 ft). The eSATA cable and connector is similar to the SATA 1.0a cable and connector, with these exceptions:. The eSATA connector is mechanically different to prevent unshielded internal cables from being used externally. The eSATA connector discards the 'L'-shaped key and changes the position and size of the guides.

The eSATA insertion depth is deeper: 6.6 mm instead of 5 mm. The contact positions are also changed. The eSATA cable has an extra shield to reduce to FCC and CE requirements. Internal cables do not need the extra shield to satisfy EMI requirements because they are inside a shielded case.

The eSATA connector uses metal springs for shield contact and mechanical retention. The eSATA connector has a design-life of 5,000 matings; the ordinary SATA connector is only specified for 50.Aimed at the consumer market, eSATA enters an external storage market served also by the USB and FireWire interfaces. The SATA interface has certain advantages. Most external hard-disk-drive cases with FireWire or USB interfaces use either PATA or SATA drives and 'bridges' to translate between the drives' interfaces and the enclosures' external ports; this bridging incurs some inefficiency. Some single disks can transfer 157 MB/s during real use, about four times the maximum transfer rate of USB 2.0 or and almost twice as fast as the maximum transfer rate of FireWire 800. The S3200 1394b specification reaches around 400 MB/s (3.2 Gbit/s), and has a nominal speed of 5 Gbit/s. Some low-level drive features, such as, may not operate through some USB or FireWire or USB+FireWire bridges; eSATA does not suffer from these issues provided that the controller manufacturer (and its drivers) presents eSATA drives as ATA devices, rather than as devices, as has been common with, and nForce drivers for Windows Vista.

In those cases SATA drives do not have low-level features accessible.The eSATA version of SATA 6G operates at 6.0 Gbit/s (the term 'SATA III' is avoided by the organization to prevent confusion with SATA II 3.0 Gbit/s, which was colloquially referred to as 'SATA 3G' bit/s or 'SATA 300' MB/s since the 1.5 Gbit/s SATA I and 1.5 Gbit/s SATA II were referred to as both 'SATA 1.5G' bit/s or 'SATA 150' MB/s). Therefore, eSATA connections operate with negligible differences between them. Once an interface can transfer data as fast as a drive can handle them, increasing the interface speed does not improve data transfer.There are some disadvantages, however, to the eSATA interface:. Devices built before the eSATA interface became popular lack external SATA connectors. For small form-factor devices (such as external 2.5-inch (64 mm) disks), a PC-hosted USB or FireWire link can usually supply sufficient power to operate the device.

However, eSATA connectors cannot supply power, and require a power supply for the external device. The related (but mechanically incompatible, sometimes called eSATA/USB) connector adds power to an external SATA connection, so that an additional power supply is not needed.As of mid 2017 few new computers have dedicated external SATA (eSATA) connectors, with USB3 dominating and USB3 Type C, often with the Thunderbolt alternate mode, starting to replace the earlier USB connectors.

Still sometimes present are single ports supporting both USB3 and eSATA.Desktop computers without a built-in eSATA interface can install an eSATA (HBA); if the motherboard supports SATA, an externally available eSATA connector can be added. Notebook computers with the now rare or could add an eSATA HBA. With passive adapters, the maximum cable length is reduced to 1 metre (3.3 ft) due to the absence of compliant eSATA signal-levels.eSATAp. Main article:eSATAp stands for powered eSATA. It is also known as Power over eSATA, Power eSATA, eSATA/USB Combo, or eSATA USB Hybrid Port (EUHP). An eSATAp port combines the four pins of the USB 2.0 (or earlier) port, the seven pins of the eSATA port, and optionally two 12 V power pins. Both SATA traffic and device power are integrated in a single cable, as is the case with USB but not eSATA.

The 5 V power is provided through two USB pins, while the 12 V power may optionally be provided. Typically desktop, but not notebook, computers provide 12 V power, so can power devices requiring this voltage, typically 3.5-inch disk and CD/DVD drives, in addition to 5 V devices such as 2.5-inch drives.Both USB and eSATA devices can be used with an eSATAp port, when plugged in with a USB or eSATA cable, respectively. An eSATA device cannot be powered via an eSATAp cable, but a special cable can make both SATA or eSATA and power connectors available from an eSATAp port.An eSATAp connector can be built into a computer with internal SATA and USB, by fitting a bracket with connections for internal SATA, USB, and power connectors and an externally accessible eSATAp port. Though eSATAp connectors have been built into several devices, manufacturers do not refer to an official standard.Pre-standard implementations. Prior to the final eSATA 3 Gbit/s specification, a number of products were designed for external connection of SATA drives.

Some of these use the internal SATA connector, or even connectors designed for other interface specifications, such as. These products are not eSATA compliant. The final eSATA specification features a specific connector designed for rough handling, similar to the regular SATA connector, but with reinforcements in both the male and female sides, inspired by the USB connector. ESATA resists inadvertent unplugging, and can withstand yanking or wiggling, which could break a male SATA connector (the hard-drive or host adapter, usually fitted inside the computer). With an eSATA connector, considerably more force is needed to damage the connector—and if it does break, it is likely to be the female side, on the cable itselfwhich is relatively easy to replace. Prior to the final eSATA 6 Gbit/s specification many add-on cards and some motherboards advertised eSATA 6 Gbit/s support because they had 6 Gbit/s SATA 3.0 controllers for internal-only solutions. Those implementations are non-standard, and eSATA 6 Gbit/s requirements were ratified in the July 18, 2011 SATA 3.1 specification.

Some products might not be fully eSATA 6 Gbit/s compliant.Mini-SATA (mSATA). An mSATA on top of a 2.5-inch SATA driveMini-SATA (abbreviated as mSATA), which is distinct from the micro connector, was announced by the Serial ATA International Organization on September 21, 2009. Applications include, and other devices that require a in a small footprint.The physical dimensions of the mSATA connector are identical to those of the interface, but the interfaces are electrically not compatible; the data signals (TX±/RX± SATA, PETn0 PETp0 PERn0 PERp0 PCI Express) need a connection to the SATA host controller instead of the host controller. SFF-8784 connector SFF-8784 connector BottomTopPinFunctionPinFunctionPinFunctionPinFunction1Ground6Unused11Ground16+5 V2Ground7+5 V12B+ (transmit)17Ground3Ground8Unused13B− (transmit)18A− (receive)4Ground9Unused14Ground19A+ (receive)5LED10Ground15+5 V20GroundSlim 2.5-inch SATA devices, 5 mm (0.20 inches) in height, use the twenty-pin SFF-8784 to save space. By combining the data signals and power lines into a slim connector that effectively enables direct connection to the device's (PCB) without additional space-consuming connectors, SFF-8784 allows further internal layout compaction for portable devices such as.Pins 1 to 10 are on the connector's bottom side, while pins 11 to 20 are on the top side. Main article:, initially standardized in the SATA 3.2 specification, is an interface that supports either SATA or storage devices.

The host connector is backward compatible with the standard 3.5-inch SATA data connector, allowing up to two legacy SATA devices to connect. At the same time, the host connector provides up to two lanes as a pure PCI Express connection to the storage device, allowing bandwidths of up to 2 GB/s.Instead of the otherwise usual approach of doubling the native speed of the SATA interface, PCI Express was selected for achieving data transfer speeds greater than 6 Gbit/s. It was concluded that doubling the native SATA speed would take too much time, too many changes would be required to the SATA standard, and would result in a much greater power consumption when compared to the existing PCI Express bus.In addition to supporting legacy (AHCI), SATA Express also makes it possible for (NVMe) to be used as the logical device interface for connected PCI Express storage devices. Main article:, formerly known as the (NGFF), is a specification for computer and associated connectors.

It replaces the mSATA standard, which uses the PCI Express Mini Card physical layout. Having a smaller and more flexible physical specification, together with more advanced features, the M.2 is more suitable for storage applications in general, especially when used in small devices such as ultrabooks or tablets.The M.2 standard is designed as a revision and improvement to the mSATA standard, so that larger (PCBs) can be manufactured. While mSATA took advantage of the existing PCI Express Mini Card form factor and connector, M.2 has been designed to maximize usage of the card space, while minimizing the footprint.Supported host controller interfaces and internally provided ports are a superset to those defined by the SATA Express interface. Essentially, the M.2 standard is a small form factor implementation of the SATA Express interface, with the addition of an internal 3.0 port. This section does not any.

Unsourced material may be challenged. ( January 2016) The SATA specification defines three distinct protocol layers: physical, link, and transport.Physical layer The physical layer defines SATA's electrical and physical characteristics (such as cable dimensions and parasitics, driver voltage level and receiver operating range), as well as the physical coding subsystem (bit-level encoding, device detection on the wire, and link initialization).Physical transmission uses differential signaling.

The SATA PHY contains a transmit pair and receive pair. When the SATA-link is not in use (example: no device attached), the transmitter allows the transmit pins to float to their common-mode voltage level. When the SATA-link is either active or in the link-initialization phase, the transmitter drives the transmit pins at the specified differential voltage (1.5 V in SATA/I).SATA physical coding uses a line encoding system known as. This scheme serves multiple functions required to sustain a differential serial link.

First, the stream contains necessary synchronization information that allows the SATA host/drive to extract clocking. The 8b/10b encoded sequence embeds periodic edge transitions to allow the receiver to achieve bit-alignment without the use of a separately transmitted reference clock waveform. The sequence also maintains a neutral bitstream, which lets transmit drivers and receiver inputs be. Generally, the actual SATA signalling is half-duplex, meaning that it can only read or write data at any one time.Also, SATA uses some of the special characters defined in 8b/10b. In particular, the PHY layer uses the comma (K28.5) character to maintain symbol-alignment.

Installing gear drive 308 sniper. A specific four-symbol sequence, the ALIGN primitive, is used for clock rate-matching between the two devices on the link. Other special symbols communicate flow control information produced and consumed in the higher layers (link and transport).Separate point-to-point AC-coupled (LVDS) links are used for physical transmission between host and drive.The PHY layer is responsible for detecting the other SATA/device on a cable, and link initialization. During the link-initialization process, the PHY is responsible for locally generating special out-of-band signals by switching the transmitter between electrical-idle and specific 10b-characters in a defined pattern, negotiating a mutually supported signalling rate (1.5, 3.0, or 6.0 Gbit/s), and finally synchronizing to the far-end device's PHY-layer data stream. During this time, no data is sent from the link-layer.Once link-initialization has completed, the link-layer takes over data-transmission, with the PHY providing only the 8b/10b conversion before bit transmission.Link layer After the PHY-layer has established a link, the link layer is responsible for transmission and reception of Frame Information Structures (FISs) over the SATA link.

FISs are packets containing control information or payload data. Each packet contains a header (identifying its type), and payload whose contents are dependent on the type. The link layer also manages flow control over the link.Transport layer Layer number three in the serial ATA specification is the transport layer. This layer has the responsibility of acting on the frames and transmitting/receiving the frames in an appropriate sequence. The transport layer handles the assembly and disassembly of FIS structures, which includes, for example, extracting content from register FISs into the task-file and informing the command layer. In an abstract fashion, the transport layer is responsible for creating and encoding FIS structures requested by the command layer, and removing those structures when the frames are received.When data is to be transmitted and is received from the higher command layer, the transport layer appends the FIS control header to the payload, and informs the link layer to prepare for transmission. The same procedure is performed when data is received, but in reverse order.

The link layer signals to the transport layer that there is incoming data available. Once the data is processed by the link layer, the transport layer inspects the FIS header and removes it before forwarding the data to the command layer.Topology. SATA topology: host (H), multiplier (M), and device (D)SATA uses a point-to-point architecture.

The physical connection between a controller and a storage device is not shared among other controllers and storage devices. SATA defines, which allows a single SATA controller port to drive up to fifteen storage devices. The multiplier performs the function of a hub; the controller and each storage device is connected to the hub. This is conceptually similar to.Modern PC systems have SATA controllers built into the motherboard, typically featuring two to eight ports. Additional ports can be installed through add-in SATA host adapters (available in variety of bus-interfaces: USB, PCI, PCIe).Backward and forward compatibility SATA and PATA. PATA hard disk with SATA converter attached.At the hardware interface level, SATA and PATA devices are completely incompatible: they cannot be interconnected without an adapter.At the application level, SATA devices can be specified to look and act like PATA devices.Many motherboards offer a 'Legacy Mode' option, which makes SATA drives appear to the OS like PATA drives on a standard controller. This Legacy Mode eases OS installation by not requiring that a specific driver be loaded during setup, but sacrifices support for some (vendor specific) features of SATA.

Legacy Mode often if not always disables some of the boards' PATA or SATA ports, since the standard PATA controller interface supports only four drives. (Often, which ports are disabled is configurable.)The common heritage of the ATA command set has enabled the proliferation of low-cost PATA to SATA bridge chips. Bridge chips were widely used on PATA drives (before the completion of native SATA drives) as well in standalone converters. When attached to a PATA drive, a device-side converter allows the PATA drive to function as a SATA drive. Host-side converters allow a motherboard PATA port to connect to a SATA drive.The market has produced powered enclosures for both PATA and SATA drives that interface to the PC through USB, Firewire or eSATA, with the restrictions noted above.

This section needs expansion. You can help. ( July 2013)SATA 1.5 Gbit/s and SATA 6 Gbit/s are compatible with each other.

Most devices that are only SATA 1.5 Gbit/s can connect with devices that are SATA 6 Gbit/s, and vice versa, though SATA 1.5 Gbit/s devices only connect with SATA 6 Gbit/s devices at the slower 1.5 Gbit/s speed.Comparison to other interfaces SATA and SCSI Parallel uses a more complex bus than SATA, usually resulting in higher manufacturing costs. SCSI buses also allow connection of several drives on one shared channel, whereas SATA allows one drive per channel, unless using a port multiplier. Serial Attached SCSI uses the same physical interconnects as SATA, and most SAS HBAs also support 3 and 6 Gbit/s SATA devices (an HBA requires support for Serial ATA Tunneling Protocol).SATA 3 Gbit/s theoretically offers a maximum bandwidth of 300 MB/s per device, which is only slightly lower than the rated speed for SCSI Ultra 320 with a maximum of 320 MB/s total for all devices on a bus. SCSI drives provide greater sustained throughput than multiple SATA drives connected via a simple (i.e., command-based) because of disconnect-reconnect and aggregating performance.

In general, SATA devices link compatibly to SAS enclosures and adapters, whereas SCSI devices cannot be directly connected to a SATA bus.SCSI, SAS, and fibre-channel (FC) drives are more expensive than SATA, so they are used in and where the better performance justifies the additional cost. Inexpensive ATA and SATA drives evolved in the market, hence there is a view that they are less reliable.

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